Earth, Environment and Climate

Weather-Climate Processes

Grundstein, A. and S. Ebelt Sarnat, 2009. Meteorological Mechanisms Explaining Thunderstorm-Related Asthma. Geography Compass, 3(1), 45-63.

Grundstein, A., S. Ebelt Sarnat, M. Klein, M. Shepherd, L. Naeher, T. Mote, P. Tolbert, 2008. Thunderstorm-associated Asthma in Atlanta, Georgia Thorax, 63, 659-660.

Shepherd, J.M, and T. Knutson, 2008. Teaching and Learning Guide for: The Current Debate on the Linkage between Global Warming and Hurricanes Geography Compass, Vol. 2, DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-8198.2008.00120.x

Mitra, C., J.M. Shepherd, and T. Jordan, 2008. The dynamics of urban growth in Kolkata, India and Potential impacts on pre-monsoon precipitation U rban Climate News: Quarterly Newsletter of IAUC (International Association of Urban Climate), titled (Issue 28, Page 11). Available at http://www.urban-climate.org/

Shepherd, J.M., J. Durkee, and B. Hill, 2008. On the Integration of an Educational Climate Model into Physical Geography Curricula: Implementation and Evaluation Strategies. (In review, Journal of Geography)

Levin Z., J.L. Brenguier, W. Cotton, G. Feingold, Y. Kaufman, and M. Shepherd, 2008. Chapter 5: Observational studies of the effects of aerosols on clouds and precipitation from the book, Assessment of the effects of pollution on precipitation, eds. Z. Levin and W. Cotton Commissioned by The World Meteorological Organization/IUGG , International Aerosol Precipitation Science Assessment Group (IAPSAG), Springer, 386 pp.

Jin, M., and J.M. Shepherd, 2008. Aerosol Relationships to Warm Season Clouds and Rainfall at Monthly Scales Over East China: Urban-land vs. Ocean Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres

C. Mitra, J.M. Shepherd, and T. Jordan, 2008. Assessment and dynamics of the urban growth in the city of Kolkata, India. A.K. Dutt, V. Wadhwa, B. Thakur, and G.M. Pomeroy(eds). Social Geography for the 21st Century. (Contract with) Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi. (accepted)

Hou, A., G.S., Jackson, C. Kummerow, and J.M. Shepherd, 2008. Global Precipitation Measurement Precipitation: Advances in Measurement, Estimation, and Prediction, edited by Silas Michaelides, pp. 1-39

Grundstein, A., S.E. Sarnat, M. Klein, J.M. Shepherd, L. Naeher, T. Mote, and P. Tolbert, 2008. Thunderstorm-associated asthma in Atlanta, Georgia Thorax

Reynolds, S., S. Burian, J.M. Shepherd, and M. Manyin, 2008. Urban induced rainfall modifications on urban hydrologic response . In: Reliable modeling of urban water systems, Edited by W. James et al., Computational Hydraulics International, Guelph, Ontario, CA, pp. 99-122.

Hand, L., and J.M. Shepherd, 2008. Hand, L., and J.M. Shepherd, 2008: An investigation of warm season spatial rainfall variability in Oklahoma City: Possible linkages to urbanization and prevailing wind. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology (in press)

Shepherd, J.M, D. Niyogi, T.L. Mote, and J. Entin, 2008. A climatological analysis associating spring tornadic activity with antecedent precipitation and drought in the Southeastern United States Geophysical Research Letters (in review)

Shepherd, J.M., W. Shem, L. Hand, and M. Manyin, 2008. Modeling Urban Effects on the Precipitation Component of the Water Cycle Geospatial Analysis and Modeling of Urban Environments, Springer Book Series-GIScience (submitted)

Shem, W. and J.M. Shepherd, 2008. On the impact of urbanization on summertime thunderstorms in Atlanta: Two numerical model case studies. Atmospheric Research (in press)

Shepherd, 2008. Essay entitled �Urbanization and Its Effects on Key Atmospheric and Surface Water Cycle in Principles of Water Resources by T. Cech.

Shepherd, J.M with contributions from T.L. Mote, 2008. Hurricanes and Global Warming Atlanta Journal Constitution (September Editorial Commentary)

Grundstein, A., 2008. Assessing Climate Change in the Contiguous United States using a Modified Thornthwaite Climate Classification Scheme The Professional Geographer, 60(3), 398-412.

Doublin, J. and A. Grundstein, 2008. Warm Season Soil Moisture Deficits in the Southern United States. Physical Geography, 29(1), 3-18.

Durkee, J.D, J.D. Frye, C.M. Fuhrmann, M.C. Lacke, H.G. Jeong and T.L. Mote, 2007. Effects of the North Atlantic Oscillation on Precipitation-Type Frequency and Distribution in the Eastern United States Theoretical and Applied Climatology, in press

Shepherd, J.M., A.J. Grundstein, and T.L. Mote, 2007. Quantifying the Contribution of Tropical Cyclones to Extreme Rainfall along the Coastal Southeastern United States Geophysical Research Letters, in press

Smith, E., G. Asrar , Y. Furuhama, A. Ginati, C. Kummerow, V. Levizzani, A. Mugnai, K. Nakamura, R. Adler, V. Casse, M. Cleave, M. Debois, J. Durning, J. Entin, P. Houser, T. Iguchi, R. Kakar, J. Kaye, M. Kojima, D. Lettenmaier, M. Luther, A. Mehta, P. Morel, T. Nakazawa,S. Neeck, K. Okamoto, R. Oki, G. Raju, M. Shepherd, E. Stocker, J. Testud, and E. Wood, 2007. International Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Program and Mission Smith, A., G. Asrar, Y. Furuhama, A. Ginati, C. Kummerow, V. Levizzani, A. Mugnai, K. Nakamura, R. Adler, V. Casse, M. Cleave, M. Debois, J. Durning, J. Entin, P. Houser, T. Iguchi, R. Kakar, J. Kaye, M. Kojima, D. Lettenmaier, M. Luther, A. Mehta, P. Morel, T. Nakazawa, S. Neeck, K. Okamoto, R. Oki, G. Raju, M. Shepherd, E. Stocker, J. Testud, and E. Wood, 2007: International Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) program and mission: An overview. In: Measuring precipitation from space - EURAINSAT and the future. V. Levizzani, P. Bauer, and F. J. Turk, Eds., Springer, 611-653.

Trenberth et al. (Numerous Authors and Contributing Authors including J.M. Shepherd), 2007. Observations: Surface and Atmospheric Climate Change Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

Ashley, W.S., T.L. Mote, and M.L. Bentley, 2007. The extensive episode of derecho-producing convective systems in the United States during May and June 1998: A multiscale analysis and review Meteorological Applications, 14, 227 � 244, doi: 10.1002/met.23.

Dyer, J.L., and T.L. Mote, 2007. Trends in snow ablation over North America International Journal of Climatology, 27, 739-748, doi:10.1002/joc.1426

Smith, A., G. Asrar, Y. Furuhama, A. Ginati, C. Kummerow, V. Levizzani, A. Mugnai, K. Nakamura, R. Adler, V. Casse, M. Cleave, M. Debois, J. Durning, J. Entin, P. Houser, T. Iguchi, R. Kakar, J. Kaye, M. Kojima, D. Lettenmaier, M. Luther, A. Mehta, P. Morel, T. Nakazawa, S. Neeck, K. Okamoto, R. Oki, G. Raju, M. Shepherd, E. Stocker, J. Testud, and E. Wood, 2007. International Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) program and mission: An overview. Measuring precipitation from space - EURAINSAT and the future. V. Levizzani, P. Bauer, and F. J. Turk, Eds., Springer, 611-653.

Mote, T.L., 2007. Greenland surface melt trends 1973-2007: Evidence of a large increase in 2007. Geophysical Research Letters, in press.

Shepherd, J.M., A. Grundstein, and T.L. Mote, 2007. Quantifying the contribution of tropical cyclones to extreme rainfall along the coastal southeastern United States Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L23810, doi:10.1029/2007GL031694

Mote, T.L., M.C. Lacke, and J.M. Shepherd, 2007. Radar signatures of the urban effect on precipitation distribution: A case study for Atlanta, Georgia Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L20710, doi:10.1029/2007GL031903.

Jin, M., and J.M. Shepherd, 2007. Development of a parameterization for simulating the urban temperature hazard using satellite observations in a climate model Journal of Natural Hazards, DOI 10.1007/s11069-007-9117-2

Shepherd, J. M., A. Grundstein, and T. L. Mote, 2007. Quantifying the Contribution of Tropical Cyclones to Extreme Rainfall along the Coastal Southeastern United States Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L23810, doi:10.1029/2007GL031694.

Schultz, D. M., and J. A. Knox, 2006. Banded convection caused by frontogenesis in a conditionally,symmetrically, and inertially unstable environment. Monthly Weather Review, in review.

Dyer, J.L., and T.L. Mote, 2006. Spatial variability and patterns of snow depth over North America Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L16503, doi:10.1029/2006GL027258

Ashley, W.S., and T.L. Mote, 2006. Derecho hazards in the United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 86, 1577-1592.

Shepherd, J.M., and T. Knutson, 2006. The current debate on the linkage between global warming and hurricanes, Geography Compass (DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-8198.2006.00002.x)

Shepherd, J.M., 2006. Evidence of Urban-Induced Precipitation Variability in Arid Climate Regimes, Journal of Arid Environments, 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.03.022

Hooshialsadat, P., Burian, S.J., Shepherd, J.M., and Edwards, 2006. �Influence of urbanization on secular trends of annual and warm season rainfall amounts in Houston.� Climatic Change (under review)

Pyle, P., D. Niyogi, B. Wolfe, M. Shepherd, S. P. Arya, and F. Chen , 2006. An observational and modeling storm based climatology assessment for the Indianapolis, Indiana Urban Region for submission. -- Weather-Climate Processes, Urban and resource modeling, Remote sensing, Cryosphere-Hydrosphere Processes

Imhoff, M., L. Bounani, and J.M. Shepherd, 2006. The Gray Wave, Our Changing Planet: A View from Space edited by Robin G. Williams, Kim Partington, Claire Parkinson, and Michael D. King, to be published by Cambridge University Press. (in press) -- Weather-Climate Processes, Urban and resource modeling, Remote sensing, Cryosphere-Hydrosphere Processes

Shepherd, J.M. , 2006. Op-Ed on Hurricanes and Global Warming Atlanta Journal-Constitution �Weather-Climate Processes.

Knox, J. A., and V. L. Harvey, 2005. Global climatology of inertial instability and Rossby wave breaking in the stratosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 110 (D6), D06108, DOI 10.1029/2004JD005068.

Ashley, W.S., T.L. Mote, and M.L. Bentley, 2005. On the episodic nature of derecho producing convective systems in the United States. International Journal of Climatology, 25, 1915-1932.

Grundstein, A.J., P. Todhunter, and T.L. Mote, 2005. Snowpack control over the thermal offset of air and soil temperatures in eastern North Dakota. Geophysical Research Letters, 32(8), L08503, doi: 10.1029/2005GL022532.

Diem, J.E. and T.L. Mote, 2005. Interepochal changes in summer precipitation in the Southeastern United States: Evidence of possible urban effects near Atlanta, Georgia Journal of Applied Meteorology, 44, 717�730.

Shepherd, J.M., 2005. A Review of Current Investigations of Urban-Induced Rainfall and Recommendations for the Future. Earth Interactions: Vol. 9, No. 12, pp. 1�27.

Jin, M., J. M. Shepherd, and M. D. King, 2005. Urban aerosols and their variations with clouds and rainfall: A case study for New York and Houston, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D10S20, doi:10.1029/2004JD005081

Jin, M. and J.M. Shepherd, 2005. Inclusion of Urban Landscape in a Climate Model: How Can Satellite Data Help?. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society: Vol. 86, No. 5, pp. 681�689.

Burian, S.J. and J. M. Shepherd, 2005. Effects of Urbanization on the Diurnal Rainfall Pattern in Houston Hydrological Processes: Special Issue on Rainfall and Hydrological Processes, 19, 1089-1103. -- Weather-Climate Processes, Remote sensing, Cryosphere-Hydrosphere Processes

Elaine M. Prins, Christopher S. Velden, Jeffrey D. Hawkins, F. Joseph Turk, Jaime M. Daniels, Gerald J. Dittberner, Kenneth Holmlund, Robbie E. Hood, Arlene G. Laing, Shaima L. Nasiri, Jeffery J. Puschell, Marshall Shepherd (912), and John V. Zapotocny , 2005. A Summary of the 13th AMS Conference on Satellite Meteorology and Oceanography Conference (accepted to AMS Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society). -- Weather-Climate Processes, Remote sensing, Cryosphere-Hydrosphere Processes

Shepherd, M. , 2005. Can Cities Make Rain Weatherwise magazine. Volume 58, No. 5 (September/October Issue) -- Weather-Climate Processes, Urban and resource modeling, Remote sensing, Cryosphere-Hydrosphere Processes

Leathers, D.J., D. Graybeal, T.L. Mote, A.J. Grundstein and D.A. Robinson, 2004. The role of air mass types and surface energy fluxes in snow cover ablation in the central Appalachians, Journal of Applied Meteorology, 43, 1887-1898.

Shepherd, J.M., and M. Jin, 2004. Linkages between the Urban Environment and Earth�s Climate System. EOS, 85, 227-228. )-- Weather-Climate Processes, Urban and resource modeling, Remote sensing, Cryosphere-Hydrosphere Processes

Shepherd, J.M., L. Taylor, and C. Garza, 2004. A dynamic multi-criteria technique for siting NASA-Clark Atlanta rain gauge network. J. of Atm. and Oceanic Technology, 21, 1346-1363. )-- Weather-Climate Processes, Urban and resource modeling, Remote sensing, Cryosphere-Hydrosphere Processes

Shepherd, J.M., 2004. "A Reply to Diem et al.'s Commentary on A Recent Literature Contribution Focused on Urban-Induced Rainfall in Atlanta." J. of Appl. Meteor. Vol. 43, 951-957. )-- Weather-Climate Processes, Remote sensing, Cryosphere-Hydrosphere Processes

Burian, S.J., Shepherd, J.M., and Hooshialsadat, P., 2004. Urbanization impacts on Houston rainstorms. Innovative Modeling of Urban Water Systems, Monograph 12, Edited by W. James, pp. 1-22. -- Weather-Climate Processes, Urban and resource modeling, Remote sensing, Cryosphere-Hydrosphere Processes

Knox, J. A. , 2003. Inertial instability. Encyclopedia of the Atmospheric Sciences, J. R.Holton, J. Curry, and J. Pyle, Eds. Academic Press, 1004-1013.

Ackerman, S. A., and J. A. Knox, 2003. Meteorology: Understanding the Atmosphere. Brooks/Cole, 486 pp.

Mote, T. L., A. J. Grundstein, D. J. Leathers, and D. A. Robinson, 2003. A comparison of modeled, remotely sensed, and measured snow water equivalent in the northern Great Plains. Water Resources Research, 39(8), 1209, doi:10.1029/2002WR001782.

Mote, T.L., 2003. Estimation of runoff rates, mass balance and elevation changes on the Greenland ice sheet from passive microwave observations. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 108, D2, doi: 10.1029/2001JD002032.

Dixon, P.G., and T.L. Mote, 2003. Climatological patterns of Atlanta�s urban heat island precipitation. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 42, 1273-1284.

Ashley, W.S., T.L. Mote, P.G. Dixon, S.L. Trotter, E.J. Powell, J.D. Durkee, and A.J. Grundstein, 2003. Distribution of mesoscale convective complex rainfall in the United States Monthly Weather Review, 131, 12, 3003-3017.

Lee, K-S, A.J. Grundstein, D.B. Wenner, M-S Choi, N-C Woo, and D-H Lee, 2003. Climate Controls on the Stable Isotopic Composition of Precipitation in Northeast Asia. Climate Research, 23, 137-148.

Shepherd, J.M., and S.J. Burian, 2003. Detection of Urban-Induced Rainfall Anomalies in a Major Coastal City. Earth Interactions, 7, 1-14)--Weather-Climate Processes, Remote sensing, Cryosphere-Hydrosphere Processes,

Tao, W.-K., R. Adler, D. Baker, S. Braun, M.-D. Chou, M. Jasinski, Y. Jia, R. Kakar, S. Lamg, W. K.-M. Lau, B. Lynn, M. Karyampudi, Z.-X. Pu, M. Shepherd, J. Simpson, D. Starr, Y. Wang, W. Weinman and P. Wetzel , 2003. Regional Scale Modeling at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Recent Research Developments in Atmospheric Science, Research Signpost, Volume 2, 52 pp. -- Weather-Climate Processes, Cryosphere-Hydrosphere Processes

Shepherd, J.M., D. Herring, J. Halverson, R. Gutro, and G. Huffman , 2003. The Big Picture Weatherwise, Vol. 56, No. 1 (Jan./Feb Issue) -- Weather-Climate Processes, Remote sensing, Cryosphere-Hydrosphere Processes

Birk, R., D. Steitz, and J. M. Shepherd , 2003. Earth Observation Summit Earth Observation Magazine, Vol. 12. -- Remote sensing

Dyer, J.L., and T.L. Mote, 2002. Role of energy budget components on snow ablation from a mid-latitude prairie snowpack. Polar Geography, 26, 87-115.

Hanna, E., P. Huybrechts, and T. Mote, 2002. Surface mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet from climate analysis data and accumulation/runoff models. Annals of Glaciology, 35, 67-72.

Bentley, M.L., T.L. Mote and P. Thebpanya, 2002. The utility of satellite data for identifying agricultural damage due to hail and convective windstorms. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 83, 3, 363-376.

Leathers, D.J., T.L. Mote, A.J. Grundstein, D.A. Robinson, K. Felter, K. Conrad, and L. , 2002. Associations between Continental-scale Snow Cover Anomalies and Air Mass Frequencies across Eastern North America. International Journal of Climatology, 22, 1473-1494.

Shepherd, J.M., Harold Pierce, and A. J. Negri, 2002. On Rainfall Modification by Major Urban Areas: Observations from Space-borne Radar on TRMM. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 41, 689-701. )-- Weather-Climate Processes, Remote sensing, Cryosphere-Hydrosphere Processes,

Shepherd, J.M., and E.A. Smith , 2002. Bridging from TRMM to GPM to 3-Hourly Precipitation Estimates NASA Technical Memorandum-2002-211602-GPM Report 7, Available at NASA/GSFC, 1-7.-- Weather-Climate Processes, Remote sensing, Cryosphere-Hydrosphere Processes

Shepherd, J.M. and AV. Mehta , 2002. Summary of First GPM Partners Planning Workshop NASA Conference Publication-2002-210012-GPM Report 1, Available at NASA/GSFC, 1-37. -- Weather-Climate Processes, Remote sensing, Cryosphere-Hydrosphere Processes

Iacopelli, A. J., and J. A. Knox, 2001. Mesoscale dynamics of the record-breaking 10 November 1998 mid-latitude cyclone: A satellite-based case study. National Weather Digest, 25, 33-42.

Shepherd, J.M., Brad S. Ferrier, and Peter S. Ray, 2001. Rainfall Morphology in Florida Convergence Zones: A Numerical Study, Monthly Weather Review, 129, 177-197. )-- Weather-Climate Processes, Remote sensing

M. Michaels, J.M. Shepherd, S. Aberson, K. Murphy, and H. Friedman , 2001. Survey Results of Society Membership: The Face of Our Profession at the Threshold of the New Millennium. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Bull. of Amer. Meteo. Soc., 82, 1331-1352-- Other

Knox, J. A., 2000. L. F. Richardson's "Forecast Factory": A great idea for teaching weather forecasting. Journal of Geoscience Education, 48 (5),579-580. (Also see: http://www.giss.nasa.gov/edu/factory)

Knox, J. A., 2000. From Celsius to chaos to cyclones: Using temperature-conversion equations to introduce advanced mathematical concepts in earth science courses. Mathematical Geology, 32 (2), 203-215.

Mote, T.L, 2000. Ablation estimates for the Greenland Ice Sheet from passive microwave measurements. Professional Geographer, 52, 322-331.

Bentley, M.L., T.L. Mote and S.A. Byrd, 2000. Synoptic-scale conditions associated with derecho producing mesoscale convective systems over the Northern Plains. International Journal of Climatology, 20, 1329-1349.

Bortz, F. and J.M. Shepherd , 2000. Dr. Fred�s Neighborhood Weather Watch (McGraw-Hill Publishers). -- Weather-Climate Processes

Grundstein, A.J. and D.J. Leathers, 1999. A Spatial Analysis of Synoptic Scale Weather Patterns and Snow-Surface Energy Fluxes over the Northern Great Plains of the United States. International Journal of Climatology, 19, 489-511.

Shepherd, J.M. , 1999. Rainfall Morphology in Semi-Tropical Convergence Zones Submitted in partial fulfillment (May 1999) of a Doctor of Philosophy in Meteorology at Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306. 130 pp. -- Weather-Climate Processes

Knox, J. A., 1998. On converting potential temperature to altitude in the middle atmosphere. Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 79, 376.

Borenstein, S., J. Hansen, J. Knox, R. Miller, R., 1998. Summer forecast by the GISS SI97 model based on fixed SST anomalies. Experimental Long-Lead Forecast Bulletin,7 (2), 27-32.

Knox, J. A., and S. R. Borenstein, 1998. Unphysical descriptions of the approach to geostrophic equilibrium. Journal of Geoscience Education, 46,190-193.

Knox, J. A., 1997. Generalized nonlinear balance criteria and inertial stability. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 54, 967-985.

Knox, J. A., 1997. Possible mechanisms of clear-air turbulence in strongly anticyclonic flows. Monthly Weather Review, 125, 1251-1259.

Wilder, J., K. Beckford, S. Borenstein, L. Druyan, A., 1997. Winter forecast by the GISS SI97 model based on fixed SST anomalies. Experimental Long-Lead Forecast Bulletin, 6 (4), 2-8.

Knox, J. A., and P. J. Croft, 1997. Storytelling in the meteorology classroom. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 78, 897-906

Knox, J. A., 1996. Teaching advanced concepts with simple temperature-conversion equations. The Physics Teacher, 34, 450-453.

G.M. Heymsfield, I,J. Caylor, J.M. Shepherd, and W.B. Olson , 1996. Structure of Florida Thunderstorms Using High-Altitude Aircraft Radiometer and Radar Observations. Journal of Applied Meteorology. -- Weather-Climate Processes, Cryosphere-Hydrosphere Processes

C. Paxton and J. M. Shepherd , 1993. NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS SR-149 Radar Diagnostic Parameters as Indicators of Severe Weather in Central Florida. Scientific Services Division-Southern Region, June 1993. -- Weather-Climate Processes, Remote sensing

Shepherd, J.M. , 1992. A Radar Reflectivity-Based Algorithm for Tropical Cyclone Location Submitted and accepted on Nov. 24th, 1992 in partial fulfillment of a Master's Degree in Meteorology at Florida State University, Tallahassee, Fl. 32306. -- Weather-Climate Processes, Remote sensing

Knox, J. A., and S. A. Ackerman , 2005. What do introductory meteorology students want to learn? Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 86, 1431-1435. (Cover article)

Knox, J. A., and P. R. Ohmann , 2006. Iterative solutions of the gradient wind equation. Computers & Geosciences, 32, in press.

Ackerman, S. A., and J. A. Knox , 2007. Meteorology: Understanding the Atmosphere 2nd edition. Brooks/Cole, 528 pp.

, .

teeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeest, . teeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeest teeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeest